For Zinc Metal Batteries, How Many Electrons go to Hydrogen Evolution? An Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry Study
In-situ EC-MS quantifies hydrogen evolution during Zn electrodeposition with high precision — finding that just 0.3% of charge goes to HER at 1.5 mA cm⁻², yet correlating this with porous morphology, trapped H₂, and corrosion that cumulatively threaten long-term cycling. The method establishes a platform for accurately benchmarking electrolyte additives and electrode modifications in aqueous Zn batteries.